词汇学(5)Word Formation Ⅱ:Suffixation

词汇学(5)Word Formation Ⅱ:Suffixation

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Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivation affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new wods are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivations. According to the positions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.

Suffixation

Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. Unlike prefixes which primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of the base.

Noun Suffixes

Denominal nouns

Concrete nouns :The suffixes in this group are added to noun bases to produce concrete nouns.

-eer

Meaning "skilled in, engaged in"
E.g. profiteer, engineer, auctioneer, mountaineer

-er

Meaning "having as dominant characteristic, denizen of"
E.g. teenager, glover, Londoner, three-wheeler

-ess

Meaning "female"
E.g. empress, priestess, hostess

-ette

Meaning "compact"
E.g. kichenette, dinereete, cigarette

Meaning "imitation" and "female"
E.g. leatherette, suffragette

-let

Meaning "small, unimportant"
E.g. droplet, booklet, starlet

-ster

Meaning "involved in"
E.g. trickster, gangster, songster

Abstract nouns : The following suffixes are attached to the end of noun bases to form abstract nouns

-age

Meaning "measure of, process or state"
E.g. mileage, poundage, footage, coverage

-dom

Meaning "state, condition"
E.g. martyrdom, dukedom, officialdom

-ery(-ry)

Meaning "condition or behaviour associated with"
E.g. slavery, savagery, roguery

Meaning "place"
E.g. bakery, winery

Meaning "collection of"
E.g. jewelry, pottery

-ful

Meaning "amount contained in"
E.g. mouthful, pocketful

-hood

Meaning "state, condition"
E.g. adulthood, childhood, windowerhood

-ing

Meaning "the material of"
E.g. tubing, matting, carpeting

Meaning "activity connected with"
E.g. farming, golfing, crickesting

-ism

Meaning "doctrine of, practice of"
E.g. absenteeism, consumerism, sexism

-ship

Meaning "occupation, position"
E.g. ambassadorship, authorship

Meaning "skill and ability"
E.g. craftsmanship, sportsmanship

Meaning "relation"
E.g. aquaintanceship, parternership

Deverbal nouns

The following suffixes combine with verbs bases to yield largely agential nouns.

-ant

Meaning "occupations and participations"
E.g. assistant, applicant, informant

Meaning "an object or substance"
E.g. coolant, pollutant, decongestant

-ee

Meaning "reciever of the action"
E.g. addressee, internee, transferee

-ent

Meaning "a person or thing"
E.g. respondent, correspondent, dependent

-er(-or)

Meaning "doer of the action"
E.g. commander, recorder, collsborator, speculator

-age

Meaning "action of, instance of"
E.g. spillage, marriage, linkage

-al

Meaning "the process or state of"
E.g. dismissal, potrayal, survival

-ance

Meaning "action, state, process"
E.g. preformance, insurance, attendence

-ation(-ition,-tion,-sion,-ion)

Meaning "process or state of"
E.g. realization, imagination, operation

-ence

Meaning "action, state, process"
E.g. adherence, persistence, recurrence

-ment

Meaning "result of"
E.g. assessment, puzzlement, resentment

De-adjective nouns

-ity

Meaning "state or consition"
E.g. productivity, intensity,superiority

-mess

Meaning "state or quality"
E.g. youthfulness, up-to-dateness

Noun and adjective suffixes

-ese

Meaning "member of, language of"
E.g. Chinese, Maltese

Meaning "style of"
E.g. journalese, Americanese

-an(-ian)

Meaning "citizen and language of"
E.g. Cambodian, Australian

Meaning "adherent to, relating to"
E.g. Elizabethan, Darwinian

-ist

Meaning "adherent to beliefs and behaviour"
E.g. loyalist, racist, socialist

-ire

Meaning "adherent to, member of"
E.g. Chomskyite, Thatcherite

Adjective Suffixes

Denominal Suffixes

-ish

Meaning "some what like, approximately"
E.g. monkeyish, snobbish, sixtyish

-ly

Meaning "have the quality of"
E.g. sodierly, cpwardly, deathly

Meaning "frequency"
E.g. hourly, fornightly

-al(-ial,-ical)

Meaning "trlating to"
E.g. residential, sentimental, philosophical

-esque

Meaning "having the propeties of"
E.g. Dantesque, Beethovenesque

-ous(-eous,-ious,-uous)

Meaning "having a paticular quality"
E.g. sensuous, marvellous, courageous, anxious

Deverbal nouns

-able(-ible)

Meaning "possibility"
E.g. washable, admirable, identifiable

-ative(-ive,-sive)

Adverb Suffixes

-ly

-ward(-wards)

Meaning "direction"
E.g. homewards, downwards, skyward

-wise

Meaning "in a manner of"
E.g. ostrich-wise, sleepwalker-wise

Meaning "as far as conxerned"
E.g. percentage-wise, education-wise

Verb Suffixes

-ate

Meaning "give or make or become"
E.g. originate, validate, hyphenate

-en

Meaning "make or become"
E.g. flatten, dampen

-ify(-fy)

Meaning "make, endow with"
E.g. solidify, glorify, amplify

-ize(-ise)

Meaning "invoving or related to"
E.g. sybolize, fantasize, visualize

New Suffixes

-nik

Meaning "one devoted to or member of"
E.g. folknik, jazznik, citynik

-holic

Meaning "addicted to"
E.g. *chocoholic, pokerholic, spendaholic

 

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